2011年高考英语大解析，题中窥法——上海新东方优能中学个性化名师解析高考真题
/朝闻通/上海新东方优能中学个性化英语教研组
2011年高考英语科目考试结束了，一直以来，上海市英语教育作为全国英语教育的领跑者，在注重对学生基本知识点考查的同时，紧密结合各类社会热点问题，稳中求变，异中求同，考查学生对整体英语知识的综合把握，既考查英文能力，又考查了学生的思维和逻辑推断力。以下是优能中学个性化英语教研组对今年高考英语真题的解析，以便从中窥视出高考英语的命题动态以及英语学习所需要的方法和技巧。
一. 听力语法部分
近几年英语高考都体现出了重视考生能力的特点，而从2011年高考英语听力来看，这一趋势进一步强化。
第一部分短对话题，10题中句意理解题占了6题，对考生地道英语口语表达的积累提出了非常高的要求。将考生熟悉的单词组成陌生的口语表达，要求学生在平时的学习中多一些学习的主动性，将单词运用于听、说、读、写的实践中，在此过程中获得更多的语言常识。听力短对话从听出细节到听懂弦外之音的过渡，将有利于通过高考选拔出真正喜欢英语、主动学习、有良好的英语学习和运用习惯的优秀学生。
第二部分短文题第一段难度明显提高，不再是简单的故事题。此次的第一段短文听力具备很强的实用性，介绍的内容与实事接轨，无疑肯定了高考英语体现素质教育大方向的趋势。第二段又一次抛开了新闻题的套路，而是选用更具实用性的讲座、介绍类场景。此次选用的对哈佛大学教育理念的介绍，同样明确了将英语回归于语言文化的趋势。英语学习如果只停留在中文环境中，将永远无法达到学习语言的最终目的——交流。
第三部分表格题，内容再一次来源于西方文化。无论是与餐厅有关的投诉场景还是两名学生关于长、短期记忆的讨论，均要求考生了解一定的西方文化背景和地道语言表达。比如，很多考生因为对dumps the rubbish中的dump不熟悉，而构成理解上的困难。倒垃圾的“倒”字，在西方文化中究竟应该用哪一个，用词的准确性不是一朝一夕就可以速成的。
从2011年高考听力看英语学习方向，高一、高二的学生应趁早以高考英语对考生的要求为指导，调整英语学习的习惯，发掘学习的乐趣，将英语学习从应试的过程转化为自我提高和充实的过程，英语整体能力的提高将在此过程中成就于无形。有了坚实的英语能力基础，在高考前加以应试技巧方面的点拨，高考英语高分绝不是梦想。
对于语法部分，今年的考题中规中矩，难度不大，题型上也没有太大的改变，考生应对起来比较自如。
二． 完型阅读
2011年完型填空部分相比2010年，要简单许多，全文说的是人员流失问题，重点考察逻辑关系，行文思路清晰，学生可以通过辨析逻辑关系和上下文提示做出答案。
阅读理解第一篇说的是个人童年经历，夹叙夹议，难度不大，考察学生基本阅读能力，只要看懂题目都可以做出。
阅读理解第二篇关于鱼类问题，属于科普性质。要求学生在短时间内抓住题干定位，快速做题。
阅读理解第三篇难度较大，是拉开差距的主要篇目.法律不允许考古的话题是学生平时不够熟悉的。
配对题与前几年相比没有较大变化，难度适中。
这次的简答题难度较大，字数要求在8个字以内，这是之前的模拟题中没有遇见过的。有些答案不能从原文照抄，对学生本身的英语概括和理解能力有较高要求。
从这次阅读题目来看，文章主题内容较为深刻，涉及职业，科普和法律等问题，信息量大，语言地道，内容都是平时学生不太接触的话题，考察学生知识面是否广泛，要求学生在平时的学习中对于课外知识要有一定了解。
三．写作部分
对于2011年的英语写作部分，大部分的学生都反映今年英语考题偏难，现在我们就一起来解读一下刚刚出炉不久的英语作文真题。
今年考题是特殊文体里面的书信文，其以申请信为依托，重点考查了建议计划类文章的写法。可以说今年高考依旧考查的是我们的重点知识和作文常见类型。文章要求考生向一个基金会申请2000元做个项目来支持贫困学生，需要包含以下的一些要点1.介绍自己 2.项目具体实施方案 3.2000元如何利用
文章题干给出了大纲，首先进行简单的自我介绍；然后开始写自己对整个项目的策划；并且还要对这2000块钱的花法进行具体阐述。有些学生觉得这种文章棘手，难于平常所写，这是因为本次考题的确是对我们传统文章的一种创新；但是万变不离其宗，揭开那层神秘的面纱，依旧可以运用到我们平常所讲的具有较强迁移性的各种写作技巧和知识。
首先，本次考题以申请信为主线，因此全文是以回信形式展开的，平常在课堂上我们所归纳的很多书信类文章的用法都可以直接用上。比如开头：I am writing to you with reference to the project that … ；末段可以写到我们一贯强调的given all the points mentioned above, a conclusion can be drawn safely that…; 除此还有书信常用结尾语言：I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience. 中间段落在给其项目进行总体规划时，一定需要注意我们的总体条理和逻辑，灌上我们平常所强调的first and foremost…; in the meanwhile…; last but not least等逻辑连接词使得文章结构清晰了然。并且写作中还能运用到我们平日所积累的很多好词好句，比如There is no denying that…; Taking … into account等给我们的作文语言润色，从而从主到次从宏观到微观的使文章结构更为清晰，语言更为优美，并且内容更为充实。
由此可见，文章本不难，只要我们能透过现象看到本质，熟练的应用我们平常所练习的写作技巧和优美词句，在规定的时间内写出一篇高分作文其实是不难的。因此这也告诉所有即将踏入高三的学生们一个道理：高考考的一定是重点知识，因此对于平时所学的知识一定要举一反三，灵活运用，熟练掌握各类议论文的写作方法和思路，并将各种技巧进行迁移。只有这样，才能更高效的应对高考，最终事半功倍。
2011年的英语高考已经结束了，通过以上的内容解析，可以看出本次高考依旧秉承了没有偏题怪题的命题思想，注重对学生英语基本知识的考查，但是在此基础上又不乏创新，凸显出上海高考稳中求变，变中求新的本质。由此可见，只要学生平常在打牢基础知识的同时，辅以重要的解题技巧和方法，并将积累的点点滴滴迁移至考试中，高考英语取得高分绝不是不可能的！
最后，附上2011上海高考听力部分的文本，供广大考生参考~
Section1.
1. W: It’s nice of you to come here to pick me up, Mr. Smith.
M: Don’t mention it. How was the flight?
Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?
2. W: I wonder if there is a service charge for our meal.
M: I think so. The menu said the service charge is 10%.
Q: How much is the service charge if the food costs 50 dollars?
3. M: Here is your room key and the checkout time is 12 noon.
W: Thanks for reminding me.
Q: What is the most probable relationship between the speakers?
4. W: Sorry, sir. We are working on your order right now and we’ll be delivering it soon.
M: Soon? How soon is soon?.
Q: How does the man feel?
5. M: Hi, Jane. It’s been ages. You haven’t changed a bit!
W: Except for the hair!
Q: What does the woman mean?
6. W: OK, Mathew. Time for bed.
M: But mom, the talent show is starting in 5 minutes.
Q: What does the man mean?
7. M: Hi, Jenny. How are you getting on with your packing?
W: I’m still deciding what to take with me.
Q: What can we learn about Jenny?
8. M: Everybody is here except John. Shall we start the meeting?
W: If we wait for John. We might be here all night.
Q: What does the woman mean?
9. M: I’m glad you are finally moving.
W: I can’t tell you how happy I am. I won’t have to listen to my neighbor’s TV.
Q: What can we learn about the woman?
10. M: Oh, we left our road map at home.
W: Well, since we haven’t gone very far. We might as well just turn around.
Q: What will the speakers probably do?
Section 2
Blank 11-13 are based on the following Passage.
The Common Wealth is a group of 54 countries. The member states all use English as a common working language and have similar legal and education systems, but represent nearly every religion, race and political system on the planet. The Common Wealth is active in a huge number of areas such as health and economics. The heads of government meeting is held every two years where the leaders of the member states get together to discuss current issues. Common Wealth Day is held in the second week of March every year when Common Wealth’s citizens, particularly children, have a chance to celebrate their friendship. The Common Wealth also holds sporting and arts events. There is an annual writer’s price and a yearly arts and crafts competition. Perhaps the most well-known event sponsored by organization is the Common Wealth games, which is held every four years in one of the member countries. The games have gained another name, the friendly games because of their reputation for good-natured competitiveness.
Q11: What do the member states of the Common Wealth have in common?
Q12: What do people do on Common Wealth Day according to the passage?
Q13: What is the passage mainly about?
Blank 14-16 are based on the following Passage.
There is a popular belief that a college education is something to be endured in order to become qualified to obtain certain kinds of jobs or to go to graduate school. This is not what we are trying to do at Harvard. The most obvious goal of a college education is to give knowledge, but it is far from the most important. Remarkably few of the facts you learn here will remain in your memory for many years, and some of those that do might be proved false by new knowledge. At Harvard, we have looked to other things we can give that will last a little longer. Among these things are certain habits of mind, such as the ability to have more critical analysis, to make more accurate and logical use of information and so forth. In addition to these habits of thought, it is our hope that we can help you develop certain attitudes of mind like a willingness to accept uncertainty and the lack of definite truth. Beyond providing these qualities, a college education should try to lay a foundation for the creative use of leisure time which can be cultivated in the classroom. Yet, the cultivation of this ability will also occur outside of the classroom. For example, on sports fields, in music rooms, and so on.
Q14: Which of the following is regarded as the most important at Harvard?
Q15: Which quality mentioned below can be cultivated both inside and outside the classroom?
Q16: What is the speech mainly about?
Section C
Blank 17-20 are based on the following conversation.
W: Good morning! Green Sense. Can I help you?
M: Hello, my name is Mary White and I want to complain about a sea food restaurant.
W: OK, can I take down your telephone number?
M: My phone number is 655038.
W: Good! So what would you like to complain about?
M: Actually two things. First, the restaurant dumps its rubbish on the street and you can imagine what that attracts---rats!
W: Right! I’ve got that! And the second problem?
M: The restaurant doesn’t put bottles and cans in recycling bins. It’s not responsible.
W: Got it! What’s the address of the sea food restaurant?
M: It’s
W: OK! We’ll look into it and call you back.
M: Thank you. Goodbye!
Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.
Blank 21-24 are based on the following conversation.
W: What’s the article about?
M: It’s basically about memory. And it says you’ve got three memories: short term, medium term and long term.
W: Um…
M: They say that short term memory lasts only a few seconds. So you just sort of read something and you remember the beginning of the sentence just until you get to the end of the sentence.
W: Um…
M: And then medium term memory. The example they give is something like trying to remember that you’ve got to buy bread.
W: Like a sort of a shopping list of things to do?
M: Yeah! After you buy bread, you don’t need to store that memory. So it’s erased.
W: Just sort of a day-to-day management.
M: Eh…then long-term memory. They are talking about the major events that happen in your life such as your wedding.
W: And you never forget them
M: Yeah…I suppose so. Permanent memory.
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